International fuel cell vehicle technology (b)
3 Advances in Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Project
Fuel cell buses are considered the most likely one of the first industrial models [21], this is because the bus space, carrying capacity, the fuel cell power system size, quality requirements are
lower; bus is alignment, time travel, you can concentrate on building infrastructure in appropriate locations, such as hydrogenation, maintenance, training and centralized management to more
easily. There are already 30 cities in over 10 countries or are being conducted fuel cell bus demonstration project.
California, USA (California) Fuel Cell Partnership Cooperation Programme (CaFCP) fuel cell demonstration project in the automotive companies, fuel suppliers, fuel cell technology companies and
government agencies in the project. Members of its partners, including 32 companies and organizations, including DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corp., Honda Motor Co.,
Hyundai Motor Co., Nissan Motor Co., Toyota Motor Corporation, Volkswagen, Ballard, UTC, BP, ExxonMobil, Shell, ChevronTexaco, the California Air Resources Board, California Energy Commission,
the California South Coast Air Quality Authority, the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Transportation and so on. The project started in April 1999, has been in dozens of fuel cell
vehicle demonstration and trial in California, including fuel cell buses since 2001 has been carried out three rounds of demonstration runs, the latest starting from November 2004 , with seven
bus 3 bus company in Los Angeles, San Jose (Silicon Valley), San Francisco, a demonstration run, from 2001 to 2006 in the California Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration total mileage has reached
165000km.
"Clean Urban Transport Europe (CUTE)" fuel cell bus demonstration project aims to demonstrate a different city in Europe verify the feasibility of fuel cell buses, including the hydrogen
refueling station technologies. The total investment is 52.4 million euros, of which the European Commission for the 18.6 million euros invested. CUTE and the European Union in support of other
related projects, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Porto, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Iceland (EU EC TOS project) and Perth (Australia STEP project) conducted in 11 cities
fuel cell bus demonstration run. CUTE project was launched in November 2001, the end of May 2006 the first demonstration project, the current second phase of the project plan (Hy fleet) are being
implemented to carry out the demonstration of 36 fuel cell buses have accumulated more than 200 million running km, accumulated a great deal of practical experience; the same time, the public
popularity of hydrogen, fuel cells and clean transportation knowledge, improve public awareness of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure, awareness and acceptance of, and listen to the
public, customer feedback.
Japan launched in 2000 in the Tokyo area, Japan, hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle demonstration program (JHFC), is the first Japanese government to develop a large-scale commercialization of fuel
cell vehicle demonstration projects. Purpose is to carry out fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen refueling station based technical work and technology demonstrations. To promote the development of
fuel cell technology, the Japanese government also made a lot of work, for example, from 2002 to 2004 completed a road fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen power station and fixed the tests and the
development of fuel cell vehicles and other authentication methods, the Government as a new technology, the first user, a total of five fuel cell vehicles leased vehicle model, and its way of
using mobile tankers hydrogenation, hydrogenation is based in Japan, Ministry of Economy. In recent years Japan has been built in the Greater Tokyo area 10 hydrogen refueling station, including
the electrolysis of water to hydrogen, natural gas and methanol reforming, hydrogen and other industrial by-product gas, and there are dozens of fuel cell vehicles to participate in
demonstrations.
November 2003, Ministry of Science and the Chinese Government participated in the international partners, the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE), the members including the United States, Japan, Canada,
India, Brazil and 15 countries, including EU member states. This partnership aims to promote hydrogen and fuel cell field of international cooperation for the coordination and promotion of world
countries in terms of hydrogen and fuel cell R & D work, accelerating the global hydrogen economy era.
China's fuel cell bus demonstration project by the Ministry of Science and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) support the implementation of jointly
organized in Beijing and Shanghai, the project was March 27, 2003 in Beijing start . Currently, in Beijing, running three fuel cell buses started from June 2006 to October 2007 has safely
operated for more than 90,000 km, 92% of vehicles in good condition, safe use of hydrogen, vehicle authentication methods, vehicle maintenance and training of personnel has accumulated useful
experience. Meanwhile, to complete national fuel cell bus 1st hydrogen station in November 2006 put into operation. UNDP and GEF support for our country to become the first one fuel cell buses in
developing countries the implementation of demonstration runs. The second phase of the current demonstration project was also approved, will soon start.
In support of National 863 Program, Tsinghua University developed five fuel cell buses have trial run 50000km, when the 2005 Challenge Bibendum, the fuel cell bus 0 ~ 50km / h acceleration time
of 24 5s, noise is 76 4dB, the maximum speed of 80km / h, 100km amount of hydrogen consumption equivalent to 19 68L of diesel. Tongji University developed a 10 fuel cell cars, which go beyond III
0 ~ 100km / h acceleration time of 19s, the maximum speed of 122km / h, 100km hydrogen consumption is 1 12kg (equivalent to gasoline 4 23L). However, the domestic fuel cell vehicle reliability,
durability and other properties need to be further improved and enhanced.
4, significant progress has been made and the difficulties to be overcome
The past 10 years, the field of fuel cell vehicle technology has made great progress, mainly in the following five aspects.
(1) fuel cell power density continues to increase. As the automotive interior space and carrying capacity of the limitations of the vehicle fuel cell engine size, there are strict requirements,
so the fuel cell manufacturers are trying to improve the fuel cell power density. Ballard of Canada from 1989 to 2001 volume of the fuel cell stack power density increased 25 times, developed in
2003 by 902 fuel cell engine XcellsisHY80 heap, the maximum output power of 68kW, a volume of 220L, the quality of 220kg, volume and mass power density were 309W / L and 309W/kg, has basically
reached the U.S. Department of Energy FreedomCAR program's 2010 target.
(2) significantly reduced the amount of precious metals, platinum as the main fuel cell catalyst, but the world platinum reserves are limited and prices high. Through technology development, fuel
cell stack from the amount of platinum about 1990 down to 0 5mg/cm2 5mg/cm2 around, and is expected to continue to reduce.
(3) energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell vehicles is expected to continue to improve, according to DaimlerChrysler fuel cell cars on the NECAR4 test, the fuel cell stack of the energy
conversion efficiency of 62%. If you remove the fuel cell engine auxiliary power system (16 4%) and the energy consumption of motor and drive system (accounting for 81%), from "tank to wheel"
efficiency is 377%, far higher than the gasoline engine Automotive 16% to 18% and 20% diesel vehicles to 24% conversion efficiency. If you consider "from the mine to the wheel," the overall
efficiency, according to Toyota Motor Company's research, the efficiency of natural gas, hydrogen (from the mine to the tank) was 58%, while the efficiency of crude oil refined into gasoline up
to 88%. Therefore, fuel cell hybrid car "well to wheels" efficiency of 29% of the total, gasoline Prius hybrid cars to 28% overall efficiency. The study pointed out that the energy conversion of
fuel cell vehicles is expected to increase overall efficiency in the future to 42%.
(4) fuel cell vehicle significantly improved the reliability and durability in May 2002, DaimlerChrysler's fuel cell cars NECAR5 test run across the United States, from San Francisco to
Washington, stroke 5220km, the average speed of 112km / h, full 1 occurred only glitch in the cooling water. In 2004, the General Motors fuel cell vehicle runs through the European continent,
travel 9696km. Currently, the U.S. express delivery companies have started using GM fuel cell vehicle to carry out package delivery services.
(5) decreasing the cost of fuel cell system fuel cell system at a research stage, a small amount of purchase, the price higher, at around 3000 ~ $ 5,000 / kW. According to November 2006 U.S.
Department of Energy report published, if at high-volume production (usually annual output of 50 million units) in the calculation of the fuel cell engine, in 2002 the price of fuel cell engine
is $ 275 / kW, 2006 had dropped to 110 U.S. dollars / kW. U.S. Department of Energy's goal is reduced to $ 45 in 2010 / kW, 2015 year down to 30 dollars / kW, with the current gasoline price
levels fairly.
Fuel cell vehicles is the high cost of the main difficulties, short life, durability and reliability and less poor areas and supporting facilities.
Although fuel cell technology has made great progress, but the internal combustion engine and now a mature technology and industry requirements, there is still much work to do in order to achieve
industrialization, mainly the following five aspects.
(1) adaptation should be further improved fuel cell vehicles in different climatic (eg, high or low temperature region), different environments (such as high altitude, dust large areas of poor
air quality) and different traffic conditions (such as frequent changes in conditions or frequent stop start conditions, etc.) adaptability.
(2) Reliability and durability of current fuel cell stack life of only about 2000h, 5000h internal combustion engine is generally more than life. Currently in Beijing, the average fuel cell bus
demonstration in the intact rate of 92% compared with diesel buses operated by 16% the average rate of 99 intact, while the failure rate of the fuel cell buses higher than conventional cars, so
the need to further improve fuel cell vehicle reliability and durability.
(3) The total energy efficiency of fuel cell vehicles total energy efficiency of a large number of research work in progress, such as the Honda Motor Company, Ballard has 2006 fuel cell stack
operating temperature from 60 ~ 80 鈩?to 90 ~ 95 鈩? while the higher temperature of the fuel cells under development. Once the high-temperature membrane (temperature above 120 鈩? successfully
developed, the fuel cell technology will be a fundamental breakthrough. In addition, a variety of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage technologies are also under development.
(4) reduce the cost of fuel cell vehicles cost a lot of work in progress, such as proton exchange membrane, the current price is 500 ~ $ 600 / m2. 2006 骞?11 months, Toyota has developed a new
type of proton exchange membrane of the target price $ 10 / m2. This film has passed the bench test of basic performance and try to make the fuel cell after the experiment. The other parts are
more expensive platinum catalyst layer, in order to reduce the amount of platinum, the use of nanotechnology research is also conducted. In addition, the fuel cell when the selected components of
early R & D was already common parts, with in-depth research, and now has developed a variety of specialized technical company and specialized components of the company, so as to improve
reliability and durability, improved create the conditions for performance and reduce costs.
(5) infrastructure, lack of infrastructure construction industry also need to be resolved. Such as hydrogen refueling station, maintenance, spare parts supply, it will be from the point to line,
to small regional demonstration and trial, and then gradually expand, extension and promotion, which requires decades.
Currently, Beijing and Shanghai, standing in the hydrogenation of only one model run. Currently, more consistent view is that the fuel cell is a fuel cell vehicle development one of the most
critical technology, first developed as a vehicle fuel cell stack technology, Ballard, Canada, the current technological level of its leading position. The company expects 2010 automotive fuel
cell stack volume power density of 2500W / L, durability to 5000h, the fuel cell stack in the annual output of 500,000 sets of production costs to 30 U.S. dollars when / kW, low temperature start
at -30 鈩? 50% from the start to the rated power output when 30s. When its fuel cell durability, low start-up and volume energy density can meet the U.S. Department of Energy set the
commercialization of fuel cell vehicle technology goals.
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